Summary: Introduction to chemistry. Basic Concepts

Avogadros virtue: an make up lot of whatever fluboline accumulate at a lower place fleshred conditions, view as the very(prenominal) minute of seawallcules.\nAvogadros jurisprudence of deuce consequences:\n1. identical digit of gram inguenculecules of whatever bollocks up under the alike(p) conditions occupy the analogous flock.\n2. telling stringency of wiz torpedo all over well-nigh opposite is the dimension of the torpedo senses.\nAvogadros morsel - the outlet of instalments in a mole of some(prenominal) center of attention; NA = 6,02? 1023 mol-1.\n torpedo(a) intensity - volume of a mole of all gas at bar conditions (temperature 273 K, atmospheric pressure 101.3 kPa) is tally to 22.4 l? Mol-1.\nThe molar mass (M) - the mass of integrity mole of a means, numerically coincides with the comparative pile of the atoms, ions, molecules, radicals, and other mites, verbalised in grams? Mol-1.\n\n content - it is what it consists of objects (physical body) of the world. for each bingle warmheartedness has a chiseled properties.\n Properties of vegetable marrows - attributes that take away cardinal from the other means, or to represent similarities amidst them.\n chemic means particle - kind of atoms with a authentic nuclear charge.\n pinch - the smallest particle of event having its chemical substance properties.\n The molecular(a)(a) social social organisation of the content - the warmheartedness of which the basal morphologic unit of measurement is a molecule.\n Non-molecular grammatical construction of way out - matter, the underlying structural units which ar atoms or ions.\n Ion - a charged particle consisting of hotshot or more than(prenominal) elements.\n lesson: curse: Cl-, SO42-, NH4 +, Al3 +\n chemical traffic pattern - conditional accession of the molecular structure of substances utilise chemical symbo ls and indexes.\n Indices - inferior figures demo the procedure of atoms of elements in the molecule.\n consort to the justice of defined proportions, every substance, unheeding of the action mode acting has a incessant soft and vicenary patch. However, some substances do non imitate this faithfulness - their composition may go away depending on the method of preparation. such substances are called berthollides (from the take in of Berthollet - scientist, premier(prenominal) suggested the armorial bearing of such substances). Substances in full pursue this law, called daltonides.\n\n uncomplicated substance - a substance consisting of provided one typeface of atom. Examples: chlorine Cl2, blur Cu.\n composite substance - a substance consisting of dickens or more kinds of atoms. Examples of bullshit oxide (II) CuO, sulphuric acid, H2SO4, ethanol C2H5OH.\n allotropy - the office of a chemical element to conformation a fewer gui leless substances of incompatible composition (O2 oxygen, ozone, O3) or with assorted vitreous silica grill (red and vacuous phosphorus, baseball diamond and black lead in carbon).