Communism Paper Philosophy Term

Communism Paper Philosophy Term Communism Paper Philosophy Term Communism Paper Philosophy Term: From Past till Present Communism, which is also described as Revolutionary Proletarian Socialism or Marxism, is both a political and economic philosophy. Moreover, in consciousness of majority, communism is whole epoch, in some way style of living. Communism Paper Philosophy Term: Introductory Aspects Modern day Communism is based on the writings of two German economists, Karl Marx and Fredric Engels, who answered the question What is Communism? They declare that many problems in society are due to the unequal distribution of wealth, in Manifesto, which they wrote together. The distinctions between the rich and poor of society must be eliminated to bring about happiness and prosperity for all. That was the main idea, the communism philosophy term. Communism Paper Philosophy Term: Topics to Consider According to The Communist Manifesto, Communism includes seven main planks or postulates:Prohibition to own property. Developed tax system. Abolit ion of property. One sole Bank. Control labor at the state level. Corporate farming. Education control at the state level.Communism Paper Philosophy Term: Mention Czarism Communism was a new period in its history after Imperial (Czarism) fall, it was a new landmark in everyones life. When the communism took its place, country was divided into two groups of people. Those, who accepted new authorities and those, who were deadly against. Communism philosophy term denied both Religion and the Absolute Morality founded upon Religion. A great number of churches were destroyed. Many priests (popes) were sent to prison together with murderers. Everybody knows that there is nothing eternal under the moon. When you can not resist the inevitable the best way for you is to accept it. So, when time past, communism philosophy term sets deep in peoples mind. Even today, our grandparents remember and compare some things or events in present with the past. Everything had change since that tim e. Reforming way of life, way of thinking from habitual into brand new was very hard and difficult for thousands people. Final Notes on Communism Paper Philosophy Term Summing up the main idea, I would like to say that communism as a form of governance and political strategy has taken place and has brought its contribution to the history of Russia. Communism has its pluses and minuses like everything in our life. Communism forbade religion and made people to act on the pattern. We lived by the rules and were afraid to take a step towards. But, communism philosophy term helped us to won the war, and farmed honor and morality.

Essay about American History

Essay about American History Essay about American History A Chronology of American History: 15th | 16th | 17th | 18th | 19th | 20th 17th Century 1607 May 13: The first permanent English colony is founded in Jamestown, Virginia. 1619 July 30: Virginia's House of Burgesses convenes; it is the first legislative assembly in English North America. August: A Dutch ship carries 20 blacks to Virginia. We now know that these were not the first blacks to arrive in Virginia. 1620 May 21: The Mayflower Compact, signed by 41 adult males in Provincetown Harbor, Mass., represents the first agreement on self-government in English North America. December 26: The Pilgrim Separatists land at Plymouth, Mass. 1621 December 25: Massachusetts Governor William Bradford forbids game-playing on Christmas day. 1622 March 22: Indian attacks kill one-third of the English settlers in Virginia. 1624 John Smith publishes his General History of Virginia, New England, and the Summer Isles, which describes his rescue by Pocahontas. May: The Dutch establish the colony of New Netherland. May 1: The Maypole at Mare Mount. In what is now Quincy, Mass., Thomas Morton and others set up a May Pole, engaged in drinking and dancing with Indian women, and celebrated "the feasts of the Roman Goddes Glora, or the beastly practises of the Madd Bacchinalians," according to Massachusetts Governor William Bradford. Morton was deported to England. 1632 Charles I grants Lord Baltimore territory north of the Potomac River, which will become Maryland. Because the royal charter did not restrict settlement to Protestants, Catholics could settle in the colony. 1634 Massachusetts' sumptuary law forebodes the purchase of woolen, linen or silk clothes with silver, gold, silk, or lace on them. 1636 June: After being expelled from Massachusetts Bay Colony, Roger Williams founds Rhode Island, which becomes the first English colony to grant complete religious tolerance. 1637 November 7: Massachusetts banishes Anne Hutchinson for preaching that faith alone was sufficient for salvation. 1638 March: The first Swedish colonists settle in Delaware. 1654 The first Jews arrive in New Amsterdam, fleeing the Spanish Inquisition in Brazil. 1660 May: Massachusetts forbids the celebration of Christmas. December 1: Parliament adopts the First Navigation Act, which requires all goods carried to and from England to be transported on English ships and that the colonies could export cotton, ginger, sugar, tobacco, and wool exclusively to England. Other Navigation Acts were enacted in 1662, 1663, 1670, and 1673. 1661 September: Governor John Endicott orders an end to persecution of Quakers in Massachusetts, where three Quakers had been executed. 1662 A synod of Massachusetts churches adopts the Halfway Covenant, which permits baptism of children whose parents had not become full church members. 1664 Maryland adopts a statute denying freedom to slaves who converted to Christianity. A similar act was adopted by Virginia in 1667. September 7: The Dutch surrender New Netherland to the English, who rename the colony New York. The Dutch temporarily regained possession in 1673 and 1674. 1669 John Locke drafts the Fundamental Constitutions for the Carolinas, which combines a feudal social order with a stress on religious toleration. 1675 June 24: King Philip's War begins. Relative to the size of the population, this conflict between the New England colonists and

Project Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 9

Project Management - Essay Example In essence, a project must be temporary, has defined the scope of period, has goals, should be completed using minimum resources and should produce an intangible or physical product/service (Mir and Pinnington, P211). A construction permit or license is usually required while constructing or demolishing a garage or a shed that is larger than 200 square feet in area and higher than 10 feet. In this project, there will be no requirement for the permit since it requires approximately 30-meter square area and 8 feet high. Architectural design planning is the first step in building a garage since it involves an architectural drawing on how the garage shall appear. Drawing helps the engineer to come up with different designs and make necessary adjustments to meet the consumer preference. The architectural design provides all the necessary layout of the structure, including exact building dimensions and 3D appearance once completed. During this phase the need of the user is taken into great consideration; this is achieved by asking the consumer to state how he/she would wish the garage to be in relation to the main house. The client can provide a verbal or written description according to the preference , and if possible, the designer can visit the consumers home to assess the practicality of the customer’s specification. After the design is complete and the customer is satisfied, the next step is to perform cost evaluation to check how much it will cost in building the whole project. This stage is very imperative since the building materials must be bought for full completion of the project. The customer is advised accordingly on how to cut cost by using alternative materials. Both the construction team and the client set the period for project completion since a project must be completed within a defined period. To complete the proposed structure the following shall be required: Materials for the foundation include Sand, gravel, concrete, wire

Purpose of Slang Language Used by Drug Addicts Essay

Purpose of Slang Language Used by Drug Addicts - Essay Example Their actions may be harmful to both the individual and the society. Once addicted, they cannot do without drugs and hence require a lot of money to help them continue taking the drugs. In most situations or cases, drug addicts are unemployed and depend on their loved ones for financial support. If they are unable to get the money they need to buy these drugs, they can do just about anything to be able to obtain the drugs. At times, they start by stealing things from the house and with time, they proceed to the streets where they mug people hence becoming a threat to the society. These leads them to become an outcast to their respective families and the society in general as no one want to associate with them. For this reason, they sort company with people who have the same interest as they themselves have as they can relate to one another and understand each other better. Most of the drug addicts are uneducated and cannot communicate efficiently in English. As a result, they create a language which only they can understand. This language is mostly referred to as slang. According to Shirley (43), the term slag is â€Å"described as informal, nonstandard words or phrases (Lexical innovations) which tend to originate from subcultures within a society. Slang often suggests that the person utilizing the words or phrases is familiar with the hearer's group or subgroup.† The slang language develops fast and new words are created every day. The words only lasts for a few months or less before they are considered out of date. A lot of dictionaries and books continue being published every day yet new words continue emerging every on a daily basis. Reasons why drug addicts choose to use slang language is sense or the feeling of belonging to a certain group. This helps them indentify one another and anyone who does not belong to their group is easily indentified. They treat each other as a family and protect one another. They do everything together and use the lang uage to communicate to one another. This is because Slang is secretive and anyone who does not belong to their circle cannot understand what they are saying. This is an advantage to them because they can transact the business of buying drugs without anyone knowing what they are doing as they are the only ones who can understand the language. According to Web4health (45), these are some of the examples of slang names used to identify some of the most common drugs; â€Å"blow / flake is for cocaine, smack / dust / junk is for heroin, a – momb is for a combination of marijuana and heroin, crack is for cocain free base, disco biscuits / doves / burgers / eccies / echoes is for ecstasy, mokes is for tobacco and skunk / dough / ganja / home grown / Indiana / indica is for marijuana brand.† These are just but a few of the words used to conceal the real name of the drugs. This becomes difficult for the authorities to arrest them and stop the business of drug dealing in the str eets or community as they are unable to join these groups without being discovered, and this is because they are unable to understand their language (slang). The use of Slung language makes them different from the other people in the community; and when they use the slag language, people in the community can identify that they belong to a certain group, hence they keep their distance. It also helps show superiority as they use violence to conduct illegal businesses. When they own

Utilitarianism and Happiness Essay Example for Free

Utilitarianism and Happiness Essay This theory advocates that the actions worth is determined by maximizing utility (pleasure or happiness). it looks at the consequence of an action as to whether the outcome is good to the majority of people affected by it. According to Bentham, utilitarianism is the greatest happiness or greatest felicity principle. There are many types of this theory which include act vs. rule, two level, motive, negative and average vs. total. (Clifford G. , John C.2009). In act utilitarianism, when people have to make choices, they should consider the consequences of each choice and then choose that which will generate much pleasure. The rule utilitarianism looks at the rules of actions which are potential and looks at what would happen if a certain rule is followed and decides on following it if the outcomes are pleasurable. In the two-level utilitarianism, one uses intuition and they maximize the happiness. Motive utilitarianism deals with how people in reality function psychologically. In negative utilitarianism, one acts such that the least evil is promoted. Total utilitarianism allows the measurement of people’s utility depending on the total utility of those members while average utilitarianism allows measurement of utility of people by the basis of average utility of those people. (David L, 1965) Utilitarianism gives a very good conception of morality. This theory aims at achieving success and happiness and those who go to war want success and this is calculable in the theory. Utility can be looked at as increasing or decreasing in the world but it is not as easy as to be measured. For example, one can not measure happiness or pleasure of somebody. In war, what is most focused on is the security of the people and the freedom from any form of pain. If happiness is taken as a rule and not an act, we can then give ourselves the basis of measuring utility as per the theory. Peace and security of the people should be measured in the process of war and determined whether the outcome of any action is indeed fruitful. If these two lacks, there will be lack of respect for human right and the economic status will decrease. Utility measurement should not be restricted to a nation or a group but to all mankind. It this theory all actions are assessed depending on the outcome they give at the end. A utilitarian acts in such a way that everything he does is towards achieving an outcome which is good for it to be termed moral. Some wars however do not give good results and this is why a pacifist will not advocate for such. These include self-defense and those wars that are toward protecting genocides. The consequentiality prohibitions given against war are contingent for most parts. Utilitarianism view of pacifism is grounded in some rule-utilitarianism. A utilitarian pacifist argues that a rule against war or other sorts of violence will tend to promote the greatest happiness for majority of the people involved. Also this prohibition against violence can give greatest happiness and this takes into account the sentient beings happiness other than humans. From history, war produces more harm than what people view as good. There is one problem however for consequentalists as to whether war could cause more suffering that solving the problem. Utilitarian defenders then say that some of these wars increased pain and suffering. If people will go against wars then, happiness will be the ultimate result. In this theory, killing is justified if it will eventually give happiness in the end. An individual can act the way he wants but should be careful not to harm others. (William H. ,1999) Man should develop and exercise his capabilities so as to exist because man is a progressive being. Censorship and paternalism should be rejected so as to achieve knowledge and develop one in their capabilities. This theory agrees with the antiwar pacifist in that the actions of the war sometimes do not favor the outcome of happiness and pleasure as it advocate. Therefore there should be a drive against wars because instead of people solving that problem which had led them into war, they create pain in the same process. (Jeremy B. , 1979) However, if by going to war will bring pleasure to the majority involved, then wars should gear themselves towards this goal. This theory of utilitarianism is so convincing on its stand on antiwar pacifist because it argues its stand convincingly leaving those in it satisfied and feeling so moral in the sense that it presents as we have discussed. It clearly puts is stand on what it advocates for and this should not be assumed when it comes to wars. This is the ultimate goal of happiness and pleasure to the people according to Mill. (Mark P. , 1991) REFERENCES. :- Clifford G. , John C. Ethical Communication: Five Moral Stances in Human Dialogue. Columbia, MO. : University of Missouri Press, 2009. David L, Forms and Limits of Utilitarianism, 1965. Jeremy B. , An introduction to the principles of morals and legislation, 1789. Mark P. , Moral Philosophy of John Stuart Mill,Longwood Academic 1991. Wakefield, New Hampshire. ISBN 0-89341-681-9. William H. Contemporary Ethics: taking account of utilitarianism. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Inc. , 1999.

Tracing Sexual Difference: Beyond the Aporia of the Other :: Philosophy Philosophical Essays

Tracing Sexual Difference: Beyond the Aporia of the Other ABSTRACT: A reading of Luce Irigaray suggests the possibility of tracing sexual difference in philosophical accounts of personal identity. In particular, I argue that Irigaray raises the possibility of moving beyond the aporia of the other which lies at the heart of Paul Ricoeur's account of self-identity. My contention is that the self conceived in Ricoeur's Oneself as Another is male insofar as it is dependent upon the patriarchal monotheism which has shaped Western culture both socially and economically. Nevertheless there remains the possibility of developing Ricoeur's reference to 'the trace of the Other' in order to give a non-essential meaning to sexual difference. Such meaning will emerge when (i) both men and women have identities as subjects, and (ii) the difference between them can be expressed. I aim to elucidate both conditions by appropriating Irigaray's 'Questions to Emmanuel Levinas: On the Divinity of Love.' I. Introduction Here I appropriate two questions from Luce Irigaray's 'Questions to Emmanuel Levinas: On the Divinity of Love' in order to disruptively refigure Paul Ricoeur's account of self-identity, without assessing Irigaray's reading of Levinas. Irigaray suggests the possibility of tracing sexual difference in philosophical accounts of personal identity. By 'tracing' I mean to follow the marks left by that which is no longer present to that which is never entirely spoken, i.e. sexual difference. I argue that Irigaray makes possible moving beyond the aporia of the Other which lies at the heart of Ricoeur's account of self-identity in Oneself as Another. This aporia is a self-engendered paradox which, as I have demonstrated elsewhere, Ricoeur is not able to go beyond: he cannot name the Other/other (whether l'Autre as a general category for the Other or l'autrui as a term for another person). My contention is that in appropriating Irigaray's questions, we can begin to refigure Ricoeur's account of self-identity, extend his use of 'the trace of the Other' and conceive the non-essential meaning of sexual difference. As it is Ricoeur's account of self-identity seems to eclipse sexual difference in being dependent upon the patriarchal monotheism which has shaped western cultures both socially and economically. Yet according to Irigaray sexual difference will be conceiveable once (i) both men and women can gain identities as subjects, and (ii) the difference between them can be expressed. Arguably Ricoeur's notion of narrative identity, to which I will return, could express this difference and these distinct identities.

The Philosophy of the Human Person

But the outcome of any philosophical inquiry is determined by its starting place† relates to the question of horizon, a limit of what can be seen from a definite perspective consisted of a subjective and objective fixed point of reference. Horizon is not a figure of speech but our framework to understand something and to make a decision. It is a framework of choices. It is our awareness of the choices among the philosophies in life. Choice connotes freedom. We are free to choose a philosophy that is best for us and apply it. If what we chose as a philosophy is inapplicable, then we choose another philosophy and change our perspective.As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, â€Å"Our horizon affects the choices we make about what life is. When one's horizon is bigger, the choice is more difficult. † How do we know our horizon? It poses an inquiry, â€Å"Do we believe in anything? † And the answer depends on our choices of what to believe or not to believe. Ultima tely, the question â€Å"Who am l? † will be answered in determining our horizon. William Shakespearean Hamlet line, â€Å"To be or not to be, that is the question† finds application in the starting point of one's horizon. Likewise, we adopt Socrates' statement â€Å"Know Thy Self† which is an examination of one's life and purpose.For example, we examine if our purpose is to serve others, if it is, then our horizon is about selfless service. We are inclined to offer ourselves for humanitarian causes. We are engrossed in helping others in need and in distress. We are engaged in an active social work as a volunteer. Another example, an elementary grade pupil named Lily who dreams of becoming a lawyer like her father. The philosophical inquiry of Lily is â€Å"what is Justice? † The outcome of this inquiry is determined by her horizon. Obviously, Lily's idea of â€Å"Justice† is narrow and limited.She, by reason of her tender age, can be influenced ea sily by his parents' or schoolteachers' definition of Justice. When she saw a neighbor being arrested and handcuffed by the policeman, she heard that her neighbor shot another and she immediately concluded that her neighbor is a criminal who deserves to be Jailed not knowing that there is a legal process for it known as a trial. She lauded the act of the swift arrest by the policemen on her neighbor who was not doing anything other than resting in his house. She says that there is Justice in the country because what she heard from her teacher, † A Justice delayed , is a Justice denied. In the case of her neighbor, there was no delay of Justice because of the abrupt arrest. When she became a high school student, her idea of Justice changes. Her horizon broaden because she watches TV programs and reads newspapers. When she became a law student, her horizon further broaden because she studying Justice in its legal sense. She now knew that the neighbor's arrest was illegal because said neighbor was not in the act of committing a crime or has committed it. There was no warrant of arrest presented to her neighbor, a constitutional violation under Article Ill, Section 2, Philippine Constitution.She learned that her neighbor was a victim of injustice. So, she wanted to defend him or someone like him who is a victim of injustice. After passing the bar, Lily became a lawyer who was accepted as a public attorney, a paupers' counsel who represent and defend them for free in court. Then, Lily came across a case similar to her neighbor. She defended him well contending the illegality of his arrest. When the decision was pronounced, she witnessed the crying ND anguish of the family members and relatives of the victim shot by her client. The court acquitted the man because of the able defense and trial skills of Lily.However, outside the courtroom, the man admitted the killing and thanked Lily for defending him to escape punishment even he is guilty. Because of this exp erience, Lily's horizon expanded. She saw the injustice committed on the victim and the family members because of the acquittal of the man, she thought was innocent but actual a guilty one. When Lily was promoted as a public prosecutor, her experiences as a public attorney is carried to her new role, thereby, giving her evolved notion of what Justice is. And finally, when Lily became a Judge, she has a different view of the philosophical inquiry of â€Å"what is Justice? And its outcome is determined by its starting point, that is, the horizon of Lily as a Judge. Her horizon is not only looking at the east side of the sky as a public attorney or its west side as a public prosecutor but looking at the entire sky to answer the philosophical inquiry of â€Å"what is Justice? † Our basic drive is to know. Our human knowing is through our senses like seeing, hearing, smelling, touching and tasting. The rationality of knowing consists of inquiring, imagining, understanding, concei ving, formulating, reflecting, marshalling and weighing evidence.The enlightenment of knowing are Judging, deliberating, evaluating, deciding, speaking and writing. â€Å"The intrinsic objectivity of human cognitional activity is its intentionality' can be restated to be the essential external reality of knowing is its purpose. Our goal of our knowing and perceiving is in its intention. We are living questionnaires by nature. When we experience things, we ask question like â€Å"Why it is so? † that leads to the formulation in definition, hypotheses ND theories. Accordingly, the intention is a dynamic structure of knowing.This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing that we cannot question. The same intention is comprehensive because our questioning probes every aspect of everything. As answers stands to questions, our cognitional activities stand to the intention of our being. Our answer is to a question because both have the same intention. Thus, t he intrinsic relation of the dynamic structure of human knowing passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). For example, the question, what is this? Ends an information to our mind the words â€Å"this† and â€Å"is†. The â€Å"what† refers to â€Å"this†. This sending of an information did not settle any issue but it did raise an issue described by Bernard Lonelier, SO to be â€Å"neither knowledge nor ignorance of the essence and existence but it is the intention of both. † What the essence is and if the essence exists are questions not answers that unites the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent) in our knowing and perceiving. To explicate this, let us take a case at a police station.There are three suspects for investigation by the police Homicide section. A man was killed by an unidentified assailant. The three suspects interposed the defense o f denial and alibi. The first suspect said that he was at their province when the crime occurred. The other was attending a fiesta. The last suspect claimed to be at his brother's house. The witness identified the three to be perpetrators of the crime. They were indicted by the public prosecutor. During the trial, the cross-examination by a prosecutor is a cognitional activity.The object of such is either to build up the theory of prosecution r to destroy the theory of defense. So, every question is loaded with a purpose. Otherwise, the truth will be elusive that will result to injustice to all the parties. â€Å"Why is this crime committed? † the prosecutor in knowing this passes from the side of the subject (intention intendeds) to the side of object (intention intent). This intention is unrestricted and limitless because there is nothing the prosecutor cannot question to the accused at the witness stand.From our viewpoint, we can no longer think of life as a mere and pure spontaneity. We can no longer think of reflection as our life's antagonist. It is essential to adopt that reflections are part of our life. â€Å"Reflection is one of the life's ways of rising from one level of being to another. † Reflection is a process of recalling or re-examining our past experiences in order to understand them. It is either a primary reflection or secondary reflection. The primary reflection examines its object by abstraction, by analytically breaking it down into its constituent parts.It is concern with definitions, essences and technical solutions to problems. It answers the question â€Å"What am l? † while the secondary reflection is synthetic that unites than vides and answers the question â€Å"Who am l†. As stated by Professor Florentine Horned, â€Å"The primary reflection is a pragmatic solver of problem like posing a question, if you do not know how to make a living, how can you feed the hungry? There must be a solution too proble m. † The balancing of primary reflection (â€Å"What am R†) and secondary reflection (â€Å"Who am I†) is the existential fulcrum.To reflect is to ask oneself something that occurred and to go back in time and recall the moment. We exercise it on things that are worth reflecting about. We reflect on our experiences. The richer is our experience, the more is our reflection. When we experience obstacles and adversities, our reflection occur being checked by a certain break in the continuity of experience that it becomes necessary to pass from one level to another. In passing from lower level to higher level, we recover from the higher level the unity that was lost on the lower level.For example, when a judgment was rendered at a Regional Trial Court, there was a reflection made by the Presiding Judge on the evidence presented by the prosecution and defense and their respective arguments. When the Judgment was appealed, the decision was reviewed y Court of Appeal Ju stices. There is another reflection on the case to arrive at a judgment whether to affirm or reverse it. When the Judgment is reversed, the reflection is raised up from one level, the reflection of a Judge in the Regional Trial Court, to another level, may be a higher one, the reflection of a Justice in the Court of Appeals.When the Judgment of the Court of Appeals is brought up to the Supreme Court, the Judgment rendered by the latter is a reflection that is raised to the highest level, which everyone, must respect and abide for our Supreme Court is a final arbiter of a case. There may be a fresh set of Jurisprudence created out of this reflection. â€Å"Each symbol gives rise to comprehension by means of interpretation. † Signs are expressions that carry out meaning revealed through the intention of the signifying that is conveyed by words. Not every sign is a symbol. A symbol suggests â€Å"something†. All symbols are full of meaning.Different people interpret symbo ls differently. Every symbol is subject to different interpretation. Hence, a symbol can have different meanings. How can the symbol be a starting point for thought without leading back to the same old interpretations? The answer lies in the relationship between symbols and hermeneutics. This interpretation is both in the symbol and beyond. There are three (3) stages of this interpretation which are: (1) phenomenology which is the comprehension of the symbol by the symbol or by a symbol as a whole. Professor Florentine Horned said, â€Å"The things should be interpreted by going back to the things themselves.The realities should be studied not contemplated. The whole should give meaning to the parts while the parts should give meaning to the whole. † His example is the image of the Mama Mary, the mother of Jesus Christ. She symbolizes purity, spotless or cleanliness, thus the description â€Å"Immaculate† Mary from a root word â€Å"Macaulay† meaning a spot or s tain. Her description is attributed by the story in our Bible that she conceived Jesus Christ, the son of God, without having engaged in a sexual intercourse, which the act itself is viewed to be dirty or unclean.Another example our Professor Florentine Horned discussed is the word â€Å"extrapolation. † â€Å"Ex†, meaning out, Nina† meaning way which is the truth. For him, â€Å"there is a road and there is an outside to the road. Our world has the inside and outside. It has a right side and wrong side. Sometimes, we get lost due to equal value of things. We do not know what philosophical side to take even though philosophy is simple. We complicate it. † ; (2) the hermeneutics which is the interpretation applied in each case to an individual text.This is a start of intelligent deciphering symbolized by a knot, interpreted as a circle expressed in a statement, muff must comprehend in order to believe but you must believe in order to comprehend†; and (3) the thought starting from symbols which is finding a philosophy hidden under symbols and the task of philosophy is to promote and shape the meaning in a creative interpretation. To illustrate, the symbol off Justice is a blindfolded lady carrying a scale. This is interpreted by another symbol of a balance or weighing scale known as phenomenology.When the lady blindfold is removed or the scale carried is heavier at one side than the other, this is an interpretation of injustice, this is known as hermeneutics. There is a message behind the symbol to be deciphered intelligently. When the symbol of lady Justice is changed, thereby promoting and shaping the meaning in a creative interpretation, this is what Paul Recover's referred to as the â€Å"thought starting from symbols. What new symbol can represent Justice in our modern times? The thoughts from the symbol of Justice creates a new philosophy giving us new comprehension as to what justice is that is responsive to our times.We interpret, we comprehend. New symbols are born with this comprehension. Our union of encounter is based on experience. It is a mystery that takes place on the higher level of our human existence. In many cases, we have no physical contact or material contact in our encounter with others but the result of union is deeper than anything. Deeper than what our bodily contact can produce. Thus, â€Å"We have the existential presence which is a common spiritual bond in virtue of which each is present in the other and participates in the being of another. This existential presence differs from spatial proximity or nearness which is indicated in our daily life as â€Å"presence†. An example is a congregation of lawyers attending in a convention. They are proximate to each other but they are not existentially present to one another unless there is an introspective communion between them. This communion is exemplified by the talking and debating of these congregation of racers in the c onvention who get the chance to know each other, thus, starting to recognize each other's presence.The nature of this existential presence cannot be forcibly realized in opposition to spatial proximity. In our example, the congregation of lawyers made their proximity to each other possible even with them objecting to it because there is a rule to follow for them to be proximate to each other like they have their respective seat assignment. This cannot be in existence presence. The lawyers who are seatmates during the convention can choose not to talk to each other. They can choose to completely ignore each other from start to the end of the convention.One lawyer cannot be forced to be present to others without his liking much more when he is opposed to the existence of the said presence. For existential presence is not subject to a rule unlike spatial proximity. Engineers Van Greengrocer elucidates this with his example, â€Å"l am able to stay near someone against his will and I m ay compel someone else to remain with me. But the communion can be obtained only through the free mutual engagement of the persons involved. I may appeal to the there to be existentially present with me, but if he refuses, I cannot force him.The very imposition of my will would emphasize the separation between our personal being and destroy even the possibility of an encounter. Similarly, I may offer myself to be authentically with the other but if he does not freely open himself, my insistence is in vain. Existential presence, therefore, cannot be forced. All I can do is open myself to it and welcome it when it is realized. † As the old saying goes, Mimi can lead the horse to the river, and you can even try to bring the water to the horse, but you cannot force it to drink the water. †

The History Of The Curriculum Theory Education Essay

You have been assigned to a low-performing in-between school campus. Your overseer has requested that you make alterations in the school course of study to increase pupil accomplishment. Describe your program of action to increase pupil accomplishment degrees at this in-between school. Describe and discourse how the informal and concealed course of study impact and alter the formal course of study? Provide specific illustrations. Include parental outlooks and prohibitions as portion of the informal course of study. What constructs about course of study are present in the heads of pedagogues in a school with which you are familiar? Historically, instruction has played a major function in determining the lives of all persons. Curriculum theory has continually evolved and, there has ever been a conflict to better and spread out the course of study. Several inquiries that plague pedagogues today are â€Å" Which course of study should we follow? † and â€Å" What cognition is of most deserving? † . There are a battalion of course of study theories that help pedagogues understand the construct of pupil acquisition and accomplishment. This chapter is an effort to expose pedagogues to the diverse course of study theories that influence today ‘s educational system.What is course of study?From a historical position, course of study is any papers or program that exists in a school or school system that defines the work of instructors. This program guides pedagogues in placing the content of the stuff to be taught. Many work programs may dwell of text editions, resource stuffs, or range and sequence c harts. â€Å" The intent of a course of study is non to abandon organisational boundaries but to enable the organisation to map within those boundaries more efficaciously and, over clip more expeditiously † ( English and Larson, 1996 ) . â€Å" A course of study can carry through these ends by: ( 1 ) clear uping organisational boundaries ; ( 2 ) specifying the nature of the work to be done ; ( 3 ) associating the major undertakings to be accomplished to one another within the entire work procedure or work flow ( coordination ) ; ( 4 ) shaping criterions by which work is to be measured or assessed ; ( 5 ) specifying rating processs by which work consequences can be compared to work performed ; ( 6 ) devising alterations in the work performed through feedback ; and ( 7 ) reiterating the above stairss in order to accomplish a higher degree of work public presentation on a consistent footing † ( English and Larson, p.24 ) . There are at least three different types of course of study in schools: formal course of study, informal course of study, and concealed course of study The formal course of study normally appears in province ordinances, course of study ushers, or officially sanctioned range and sequence charts. The formal course of study is what will be found in instructor ‘s lesson programs. The informal course of study represents the unofficial facets of planing or presenting the course of study. This type of course of study involves the subtle but of import personality traits that a instructor interacts with the kid – positively or negatively. Informal course of study contains those things that we teach that are unplanned and self-generated. The concealed course of study is non recognized at schools. It deals with outlooks and premises. These are instructions, which are presented to pupils but are non consciously received by them. Hidden course of study can be destructive, negative and insurgent, or it can be constructive, desirable and positive. Tanner describes this as the collateral course of study. Tanner stresses that collateral acquisition is in the manner of formation of digesting attitudes, of likes and disfavors, may be and frequently more of import that the spelling lesson in geographics or history that is learned ( Tanner,1995 ) .Curriculum Alignment TheoryCurriculum alliance is an of import scheme necessary to heighten academic accomplishment degrees of all pupils. Because of high bets proving, pupils need to be prepared to go through province tests. Fenwick English, a prima advocate of course of study alliance, maintains that there is an interrelatedness between the tried course of study, taught course of study and written course of study. When all three are working together, the relationship is called â€Å" tight † . In order to bring forth optimal educational consequences, stairss must be taken to aline the written course of study ( found in text editions, course of study ushers and supports resources ) , the taught course of study ( instructors ‘ lesson programs ) and the tested co urse of study ( TAAS, ITBS, SAT, etc. ) Fenwick English describes course of study as a papers of some kind, and its intent is to concentrate and link the work of schoolroom instructors in schools ( 1992 ) . School territories tend to buy text editions that are normally non aligned to the course of study or province trials. This presents a job. Focus and connectivity are lost. Curriculum articulation ( Vertical Teaming ) refers to the focal point and perpendicular connectivity in a school or school system. Several design and bringing issues originate associating to curriculum articulation. In design, instructors must specify in the work program the needed degrees of focus/connectivity desired to optimise pupil public presentation vertically. In bringing, plan monitoring is indispensable to guarantee design unity vertically ( English, 1992 ) . Last, if what is tested is non being taught nor addressed in stuffs used by pupils, trial tonss and related educational results will non make the outlooks of the pupils, instructors, decision makers, parents, and the populace. In an epoch of answerability, course of study alliance offers pupils an chance to go successful. In Allan Glatthorn ‘s book The Principal as Curriculum Leader, he presents a six- measure course of study procedure that aids in alliance: ( 1 ) Plan the undertaking. A commission should be appointed to supervise the undertaking. The commission members must be trained in the alignment procedure. ( 2 ) Focus the course of study. The course of study should concentrate on the territory ‘s aims. ( 3 ) Analyze the trials. Grade degree squads should analyse trial informations. This scheme would let instructors to bespeak which of the command aims are more likely to be tested. ( 4 ) Analyze the text. Teachers should analyse where the command aims are explained in the text. ( 5 ) Measure the consequences. The commission should reexamine and discourse all the consequences, observing countries needed to be improved. ( 6 ) Use the consequences. Complete alliance charts. Teachers should utilize the command objectives to develop annually and unit programs that guarantee equal interven tion of all aims. Aims tested should hold precedence and objectives non tested should hold 2nd precedence ( Glatthorn, 1997 ) . Quality Control in Curriculum Quality control refers to a uninterrupted procedure or organisational autonomy and development that addition organisational effectivity. Three cardinal ingredients that must be present are 1 ) a work criterion, 2 ) work appraisal, and 3 ) activity. As all these elements become congruent, work public presentation in an organisation in improved. Multiple Intelligence Theory Howard Gardner has created the theory of Multiple Intelligences. He maintains that most school systems frequently focus on a narrow scope of intelligence that involves chiefly verbal/linguistic and logical/mathematical accomplishments. While cognition and accomplishments in these countries are indispensable for lasting and booming in the universe, he suggests that there are at least six other sorts of intelligence that are of import to fuller human development and that about everyone has available to develop. They include, visual/spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, musical, interpersonal, naturalist and intra-personal intelligence. Gardner believes that the eight intelligences he has identified are independent, in that they develop at different times and to different grades in different persons. They are, nevertheless, closely related, and many instructors and parents are happening that when an single becomes more adept in one country, the whole configuration of intelligence may be enhanced . The undermentioned philosophic theories examine course of study from a wide position that includes all of the scholar ‘s experiences to the more restricted position that sees it as academic capable affair. ( 1 ) Idealist Curriculum Theory – This theory was prevailing during the yearss of Plato. Idealists viewed course of study as a organic structure of rational capable affair and learned subjects that are conceptional and conceptual. Mathematics, history and literature for case were ranked really high. The overruling end of Idealist instruction was to promote pupils to be searchers of truth. ( 2 ) Realist Curriculum Theory – Aristotle founded Realism. Realist course of study maintains that the most effectual and efficient manner to happen out about world is to analyze it through consistently organized capable affair subjects. Realist course of study involves direction in the countries of reading, authorship, and calculation. Deriving cognition through research met hods are stressed. ( 3 ) Naturalist Curriculum Theory – The Naturalists position of course of study differed from the earlier theoreticians. Learning should actively affect kids in covering with the environment, utilizing their senses, and work outing jobs. Naturalists maintained that echt instruction is based on the preparedness and demands of the human being. ( 4 ) Pragmatic ( Experiential ) Curriculum Theory- This course of study theory attacks larning through sing. The kid ‘s involvements, demands and experiences are taken into consideration. ( 5 ) Existentialist Curriculum Theory – The course of study includes the accomplishments and topics that explain physical and societal world. â€Å" The important acquisition stage is non in the construction of cognition, nor in curricular organisation but instead in the pupil ‘s building of its significance ( Gutek, 120 ) † . ( 6 ) Conservatism Curriculum Theory – The course of study should convey the general civilization to all and supply appropriate instruction to the assorted strata in society. This course of study included the basic accomplishments found in most school plans – reading, authorship, and math.Personal Practical KnowledgeIn his work, Personal Knowledge, Michael Polanyi demonstrates that the scientist ‘s personal engagement in the prod uction of cognition is an indispensable portion of the scientific discipline itself. â€Å" Even the exact scientific disciplines, â€Å" knowing is an art, of which the accomplishment of the apprehender, guided by his personal committedness and his passionate sense of increasing contact with world, is a logically necessary portion † . Polanyi describes, â€Å" cognizing † in the art of siting a motorcycle. In this description he states that the rule by which the bicycler keeps his balance is known, but the cognition is in the â€Å" making † . Key Concepts Accountability – This term refers to keeping schools and instructors responsible for what pupils learn. Content- A word used to place the course of study and divide it from school direction. Criterion-Referenced Test – Measures of public presentation compared to predetermined criterions or aims. Core/Fused Curriculum – Integration of the two or more topics ; for illustration, English and societal surveies. Problem and subject orientations frequently serve as the integration design. Curriculum -Curriculum is any papers or program that exists in a school or school system that defines the work of instructors. Curriculum Alignment – A connectivity between what is tested, taught and written. Curriculum Compacting – Content development and bringing theoretical accounts that abbreviated the sum of clip to cover a subject without compromising the deepness and comprehensiveness of stuff taught. Curriculum Development – A procedure whereby picks in planing a learning experience for pupils are made and activated through a set of co-ordinated activities. Curriculum Guide – A written statement of aims, content, and activities to be used with a peculiar topic at specified class degrees ; normally produced by province sections or local educational bureaus. Curriculum Management Planning – A systematic method of be aftering for alteration. Formative Evaluation – Student accomplishment is monitored throughout the school twelvemonth. This will be done through pupil /teacher conferences, departmental meetings, curriculum manager monitoring and conferences. Feedback and suggestions for betterment will be considered. Knowing in Action – This construct refers to the kinds of know-how we reveal in our intelligent action. By detecting and reflecting in our actions, we make cognizing in action implicit. We reveal it in a self-generated mode ; and we are unable to set it in words ( Schon, p. 25, 1987 ) . Performance Objective – Targeted outcome steps for measuring the acquisition of peculiar procedure based accomplishments and cognition. Sequence – The organisation of an country of survey. Frequently, the organisation is chronological, traveling from simple to complex. Staff Development – Body of activities designed to better the proficiencies of the pedagogue practician. Subject-Content – The type of course of study that stresses the command of capable affair, with all other results considered subordinate. Summational Evaluation – Teachers and pupils will reflect on the course of study procedure. Met and unmet ends and aims will be discussed at length. Improvements and polishs will be based on the summational rating Tacit Knowledge – Tacit cognition is â€Å" cognizing in action † . To go adept in the usage of this tool is to larn to appreciate, straight and without immediate logical thinking, the qualities of the stuff that we apprehend through the silent esthesis of the tool in our manus ( Schon, p. 25, 1987 ) . Curriculum Websites – The undermentioned sites provide information on course of study and the course of study alliance procedure.

buy custom Numbers of Employee Lawsuits essay

buy custom Numbers of Employee Lawsuits essay According to Gorski and Tataryn (2009) in the past 20 years the numbers of employee lawsuits have increased to 400%. There are 6.5 claims every 1,000 employees. This is a huge increase in 20 years and the reason for this increase is the increase in the complexity of the organization and the employees being indifferent to the employee handbook. It has been seen that most of these lawsuits were targeted against private employers. It has also been noticed that these private employers mostly had small and medium sized companies with 15-100 employees (Gorski Tataryn, 2009). There were many companies (23.9%) who had almost 500 employees and were not considered in the category of small and medium enterprise however, were also subjected to lawsuits. It has been noticed that wrongful termination lawsuits have gone up 250%. 7% of these cases come to the federal court while the rest go to the state court. Moreover, there has been a huge increase in the amount of settlement to. The average sett lement has gone up from $130,476 in 2001 to $310,845 (Gorski Tataryn, 2009). Below are some statistics regarding this issue; Compensatory Awards for Wrongful Termination (Percent of Total) Up to $9,999 5% $10,000 - $24,999 9% $25,000 - $99,999 23% $100,000 - $249,999 24% $250,000 - $499,999 23% $500,000 and Greater 11% Below are losses as per the type of claim Work-Related Sexual Discrimination Including Sexual Harassment Midpoint Verdict $59,835 Probability Range $67,000 - $200,000 Verdict Range $1 - $15,000,000 Average Verdict $501,622 Age Discrimination Midpoint Verdict $145,620 Probability Range $62,000 - $250,000 Verdict Range $1,500 - $1,803,547 Average Verdict $358,956 Wrongful Termination - General Midpoint Verdict $100,000 Probability Range $30,300 - $304,934 Verdict Range $1 - $46,402,891 Average Verdict $532,016 Wrongful Termination Based on Age Discrimination Midpoint Verdict $200,000 Probability Range $62,000 - $250,000 Verdict Range $1,500 $1,500,000 Average Verdict $270,665 The huge numbers above reflects that a little negligence can cost a lot to the organization, the employer as well as the employee. Therefore, it is recommended that all employees read the employee handbook clearly and make sure that they understand everything in it. Not only it will help them avoid any lawsuits, it will also be beneficial for their organization. An organization is like a family where all people work together towards achieving the same target. Therefore, having better and effective communication through this handbook can help both the employer and the employee have a clear and understanding relationship. Buy custom Numbers of Employee Lawsuits essay

Theres and There are

Theres and There are Theres and There are Theres and There are By Maeve Maddox An odd-looking contraction Ive noticed recently is therere for there are. Haiti Airport Baggage Handlers, Therere Just Too Many! Therere too many kids Therere Just A Few Days Left If Therere Seasons(song title) Contractions are supposed to be easy to say. For example, theyre for they are is easy to utter, but adding another re to there to create therere produces a word difficult to pronounce. I wonder if this nearly unpronounceable contraction may have something to do with the proliferation of theres to begin sentences in defiance of the rules of agreement between subject and verb: Theres ten members on the council. Perhaps the speaker knows better, but is in contraction mode and at the last minute decides that ungrammatical theres is a better choice than unpronounceable therere. Besides being difficult to pronounce, therere looks peculiar. In writing intended to be read by others, its probably best to avoid such ungainly contractions as therere and wherere. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Writing Prompts 101Difference between "Pressing" and "Ironing"Honorary vs. Honourary

Role Of The Ombudsman In The Corporate Setting Research Paper

Role Of The Ombudsman In The Corporate Setting - Research Paper Example To settle disputes that might arise between external constituents and the members under Ombudsman representation. Most employers are actively participating in reducing the litigation risk, by ensuring that they introduce the services of the Ombudsman. They ensure that they have a confidential, neutral, and independent third party to handle any confidential matter. Their purpose is to handle complaints of their employees before they advance to become lawsuits, which might be more costly and time consuming to both the management and the respective employee (Dona, 2011). Most company’s operations are at high risk of collapsing because of increased employee-initiated lawsuits. In relation to the most recent research conducted by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, the medium cost in order to settle a discrimination lawsuit and any other complained by employee excluding legal costs is costing most organizations a lot (Edwin, 1989). In most of the situations, company employees are always very reluctant to air out their grievances relating to issues such as discrimination, as well as harassment. It is because of the fear of a possible judgment and prosecution that the company management might impose on an individual (Gershenfeld, 1997). In order to amicably deal with this sort of fear, as well as job insecurity, an ombudsman is an option viewed as a dependable, trustworthy, and risk-free party. Moreover, company employees use it to raise their grievances and at the same time be sure of their job security as well confidentiality. It is in the regard that ombudsman’s role comes into being and includes the following roles: Ombudsman has a major role, which is to act as a Listener (Mauton, 1984). In most cases employees in any given organization who have embraced the system, find it very useful to go the ombudsman way.

On Either one of the Prison Epistles or one of the Pastoral Epistles Research Paper

On Either one of the Prison Epistles or one of the Pastoral Epistles and on one of the General Epistles - Research Paper Example Lastly, it discusses one important lesson learned from each letter and the impact of the lesson learned to someone’s life. Epistle means a literary letter which was planned to be published and read by the general public. The Prison Epistles are the letters that can be found in the New Testament of the Holy Bible. One of the Prison Epistles written by Paul during his imprisonment in Rome is the Prison Epistle to the Philippians. According to the New International Version Holy Bible (1984), Paul had been mobbed in Jerusalem, arrested there, and transferred to Caesarea, and finally, when he requested to the Roman imperial court that a decision or judgment to be changed and appealed as a Roman citizen, he had been removed to Rome for trial. When the Philippians heard this situation, they prepared to stand by him, raised some money for him to use in his trial and sent Epaphroditus, a member of the church in Philippi in Macedonia, to wait on Paul, to devote one’s services to Paul, and to stay with him until his problem were solved. So Epaphroditus went with the gift given by the church and for the purpose of telling Paul about the interest and excitement of the church to know some news about his situation and the result of his trial before the Roman imperial court. Paul took this chance and this occasion to write to the Philippians with three reasons namely: (1) to thank them for their gift and thank them for their fellowship in the gospel, (2) to tell and comfort them about his situation in Rome and about his trial, telling them that the effect of his imprisonment has turned out for the advancement of the gospel, and lastly (3) especially to encourage them and strengthen them in the hope and joy that was theirs in Jesus Christ. He also wrote that he is going to send Timothy soon, that he may know of their condition and send Epaphroditus back to them because Epaphroditus longs for all of them and that he has the feeling of great worry or unhappiness bec ause the church heard that he is ill but God has been so merciful to him. He told them that he is more excited to send Epaphroditus back to them so that they may be glad that Paul might have less worry or fear. The other purpose of the letter was to stop the Judaizers from encouraging the Philippian Christians to submit to circumcision and the last purpose why Paul wrote to them was to encourage the Philippian believers to stop the misunderstanding among them especially the two women involved namely, Euodia and Syntyche that they need to agree with each other as sisters in the Lord or be united. He also asked his faithful partner to help these two women for they have worked hard with him to spread the gospel. The key characteristics of the letter were (1) the Epistle is a letter and not a long and serious piece of writing on a particular job. It is just a simple letter to personal friends which has no theological discussions, no fixed outline and no formal development, (2) it is a l etter of love, Paul’s message has nothing but praise or the Philippians and prayer that their love may be rich, (3) it is a letter of joy, despite being imprisoned, he is still full of joy. After reading the book of Philippians, 20 times that Paul uses the words joy, rejoice, peace, content, and thanksgiving. It is a